The worldwide growing population needs water security for communities will rise higher in the near future. Natural freshwater sources globally decreasing rapidly; therefore, it is expected that clean water will be secured sincerely for basic human needs (Rezania et al. in J Hazard Mater 318:587–599, 2016c). Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, wastewater discharge into the environment is increasing day by day. In the last few years, developed countries are updating the environmental policies and dedicated to reducing water pollution as well as developing an efficient and self-sustainable approach for wastewater treatment. For higher efficacy particularly in metropolitan cities, the advancement of recognized traditional treatment methods of water and wastewater is in a need to be further developed. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

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